Field guide to the pteridophytes of chiang mai, thailand. Bryology and pteridology 2014 mgu css msc botany question. Pteridophyte status the status of the pteridophytes was determined and assessed based on the iucn definitions. Callado l bayu adji l piyakaset suksathan l wenni setyo lestani l dedy daernaedi contributing authors dian indah pratiwi l. Hence psilotum and tmesipteris constitute a natural group in pteridophyta and should be. The old picture in eluded a luxuriant fern vegetation during the paleozoic, which culminated in the coalmeasures, whose socalled fronds made up at least one half the vascular flora.
The fertile leaves of all other ferns bear sporangia abaxially marginally in some groups such as the hymenophyllaceae and culcitaceae. Taxonomic group photosynthetic pigments cyanobacteria chlorophyll a, chlorphyll c, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin chloroxybacteria chlorophyll a, chlorphyll b green algae chlorophyta chlorophyll a, chlorphyll b, carotenoids red algae rhodophyta chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, phycobilins. Alternation of generations occurs in plants, where the sporophyte phase is succeeded by the gametophyte phase. There is not universal agreement on this, but we here treat them with the ferns. Arguments are given in support of the septate sporangium idea alone and judgement is reached in its favour. The sporophyte phase produces spores by meiosis within a. Trends and concepts in fern classification annals of. This encyclopedia offers access to the diversity of ferns and seed plants, the most important groups of green land plants. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. In the vast majority of both fossil and recent ferns. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. And among the first of the plants to truly live on land were the pteridophytes. Distribution and phylogeny botany biology discussion. American journal of botany botanical society of america.
The plant life cycle has mitosis occurring in spores, produced by meiosis, that germinate into the gametophyte phase. An introduction to gymnosperms, cycas, and cycadales. However, to the best of my knowledge, no book dealing solely with the pteridophytes has been pubhshed in the western hemisphere since 1936. The synangia located at the tip of very short axis, measuring 12 mm in diameter and closely associated with a forked, foliar appendage fig. Morphology of the pteridophytes sporne spore organisms. Pdf eusporangiate ferns from the dakota formation, minnesota, usa. Synangia are configured spirally on the stem and each contains. Flora of china volume 2 3 pteridophytes introduction free download as pdf file.
The inner part of the cortex is formed of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is covered by a single layered epidermis. Frontiers the evolution, morphology, and development of. First record of goniopteris schaffneri and marattia laxa in hidalgo, mexico 835 ico, its populations grow in mcf in the states of oaxaca, puebla and veracruz. It is speculated that life began in the oceans, and through millions of years of evolution, life slowly adapted on to dry land. Pteridophyta amounts to 00 living species of which, 3 species are wisk ferns. Flora of china volume 2 3 pteridophytes introduction.
Write differences between pteridophytes and gymnosperms. In transverse section, the aerial branches have central stele and outer cortex. When you think of forests and woods, you can picture trees, abundant lush green ferns, and other plants. The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants has been widely debated. This structure is most prominent in psilotum and marattiaceae such as christensenia, danaea and marattia. Spores are produced in special trilobed structures called synangia which are. The mature synangium is generally a threelobed structure fig. Psilotum is a genus of fernlike vascular plants, commonly known as whisk ferns. Read the introductory remarks and list of characteristics of the bryophytes p. It is likely that the current distribution of marattia laxa is restricted, because after most of the municipalities with mcf in the state of hidalgo were explored, only. It is now widely accepted on the basis of overwhelming amount of evidence that the land dwelling plants evolved from aquatic ancestors. A cluster of sporangia that have become fused in development is called a synangium. The spore germination results in formation of branched multicellular filament, protonema in. The simplest living pteridophytes class psilopsida genus psilotum examine a potted plant of p.
Given that the prevailing interpretation of the relationship of leaf morphology between pteridophytes and seed plants seems questionable, i want to look at other basic features of shoot morphology in contemporary pteridophytes to see if they exhibit any primitive features that differ fundamentally from those of contemporary seed plants. Pteridophytes are almost all vascular plants, and include the lycophytes, trimerophytes, sphenophytes, and ferns. The ferns form the great majority of existing pteridophytes. Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the wikipedia article. A i ph l g 2009 a d t f th a iangiosperm phylogeny group. The sporangia are borne in groups trilocular and form synangia. Conifers and flowering plants have pycnoxylic wood.
Ail organisms known in the precambrian, cambrian and ordovician periods of paleozoic era lived in aquatic environment. Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. The evolution, morphology, and development of fern leaves. The pteridophytes occupied varying proportions of these, and there were even some textbooks devoted to a single group, such as the ferns, within the pteridophytes. The group of three fused sporangia is called a synangium. Classification of pteridophytes for a long time the division pteridophyta includedthe ferns, lycopods and horsetails. The two lobes of the leaf are closely united with the synangium. Some pages later when the matter is treated as settled it is mentioned in another connexion that the septum has a vascular coreas in the sporangium of no other living plant. These treelike plants were the major plant type of the extensive coalage forests. Psilotum life cycle alternation of generation study solutions. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Tse and towers 1967 isolated an unique phenolic compound, psilotin, from the two genera which is not found in other groups of pteridophytes. When mature, the synangia release yellow to whitish spores which develop into a gametophyte less than 2 mm 0. Rhizomes erect, ascending, or creeping, amylaceous starchy, polycyclostelic to dictyostelic.
On the basis of their anatomy jeffrey in 1902 divided the vascular plants into two types or stocks. Anatomical studies were carried out through manual exact crosssectioning of. The evolutionary conquest of land probably occurred sometimes between the late. Obtain a piece of the plant having an aerial branching system arising from a portion of the underground system of axes. Among the living pteridophytes they possess the simplest plant body that could. Fern classification generally shows a trend from highly artificial, based on an interpretation of a few extrinsic characters, via natural classifications derived from a multitude of intrinsic characters, towards more evolutionary circumscriptions of groups that do not in general align well with the distribution of these previously used characters. Both families are further atypical in that a single vein runs to the base of the sporangium or synangium eames, 1936. Christenhusz plants terrestrial rarely epiphytic, sometimes in streams, evergreen. Structural botany laboratory 3 simplest and earliest.
The printed version, however, was effectively published on 6 june 20. Pdf on jan 1, 2006, s hu and others published eusporangiate ferns from the dakota. Features, reproduction and phylogeny biology discussion. Bryophytes and pteridophytes smith the freshwater algae of the united states swingle textbook of systematic botany weaver root development of field crops weaver and clements plant ecology there are also the related series of mcgrawhill publications in the zoological sciences, of which e. It is one of two genera in the family psilotaceae, the other being tmesipteris. Ferns, horsetails often treated as ferns, and lycophytes clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts are all pteridophytes. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. In ophioglossum this fertile axial system is reduced and the sporangia are set in two opposite rows.
This stalk is present in the axils of small bifid leaf. In no other ferns are the sporangia similarly supplied. The lycophytes the next innovation in the lycophytes was the microphyll. Pteridophyta teridafata os made from two greek roots that mean winged pteryz.
But trust me the first thing that you notice is the abundant foliage of fern plants. Field guide to the pteridophytes of chiang mai, thailand john rey c. Biological diversity 5 estrella mountain community college. The occasional attached synangium or sorus was plainly like those of the marattiacem, and since the marattias. Pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore effectively published melbourne code, art. These ferns, in biological terms, are nothing but the pteridophytes, belonging to the division pteridophyta of the plant kingdom. Mahatma gandhi mg university kottayam pg css msc botany previous year question paper on bryology and pteridology 2014 free donwload as pdf. Such a sporangium, formed by a group of two or more spore sacs three in this case is called synangium. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. Plants in these two genera were once thought to be descended from the earliest surviving vascular plants, but more recent phylogenies place them as basal ferns, as a sister group to ophioglossales. Leaves are lateral determinate structures formed in a predictable sequence phyllotaxy on the flanks of an indeterminate shoot apical meristem. In these pteridophytes a subterranean rhizome generates repeated aerial developmental units that consist of a single laminate megaphyllous leaf. Hence psilotum and tmesipteris constitute a natural group in pteridophyta and should be placed at the beginning of pteridophyte classification next to early vascular plants and before lycopsida. Styrylpyrones occur in pteridophytes and in angiosperms, and they are common constituents in fungi, mainly in the basidiomycetes.
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